{"id":6150,"date":"2021-10-18T00:11:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-17T21:11:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.niobehosting.com\/blog\/?p=6150"},"modified":"2021-09-16T17:33:54","modified_gmt":"2021-09-16T14:33:54","slug":"ipv6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.niobehosting.com\/blog\/ipv6\/","title":{"rendered":"IPv6 Nedir?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ki\u015fisel telefon hatlar\u0131na ba\u011flanmak i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulan telefon numaralar\u0131 gibi her internet ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in de bir IP<\/a><\/strong> (I<\/strong>nternet P<\/strong>rotocol) adresine ihtiya\u00e7 duyulur. Her bir IP adresi farkl\u0131d\u0131r ve tan\u0131ml\u0131 adrese iletilen veriler, internet \u00fczerinden bilgisayarlara y\u00f6nlendirilmektedir. \u0130nternet kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ile birlikte olu\u015fturulan IP adresleri t\u00fckenmektedir. \u0130nternet merkezi havuzunda bulunan son IPv4 adreslerinin tamam\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda IPv6<\/a> adresleri sisteme dahil edilmi\u015ftir. IPv6<\/strong> (Internet P<\/strong>rotocol V<\/strong>ersion 6<\/strong>) IPv4 lerin adreslemelerinde yetersiz kalmas\u0131 \u00fczerinde IETF taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lard\u0131r. IETF<\/strong> (I<\/strong>nternet E<\/strong>ngineering T<\/strong>ask F<\/strong>orce) internet protokollerinin geli\u015ftirilmesi ve standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir gruptur. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u0130nternet M\u00fchendisleri G\u00f6rev Grubu\u201d olan IETF nin y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc t\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve \u00fcretti\u011fi veriler, herkesin kullan\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. IETF taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen IPv6, internet protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131nc\u0131 revizyonu ve IPv4\u2019\u00fcn halefi olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r. IPv6, 128 bitlik adres yap\u0131s\u0131na sahiptir.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IPv6 Protokol\u00fc Nedir? Ne Gibi Yenilikler Getirmi\u015ftir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1981 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren kullan\u0131m\u0131 devam eden 32-bit adresleme standartlar\u0131na sahip olan IPv4 protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerinden internet ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 yapan cihazlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn art\u0131yor. \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen bu h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015f nedeniyle, bireysel IP adres da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. IPv4 havuzunun t\u00fckenmesi ile birlikte, ya\u015fanan sorunlara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak sunulan IPv6 protokol\u00fc g\u00fcndeme geldi. IPv6 protokol\u00fc, olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f bir IP kapasitesine sahiptir. <\/strong>128 bitlik adresleme \u00f6zelli\u011fi ile IPv6, IP havuz sorununa h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirirken, bir\u00e7ok yenili\u011fe de imza atmaktad\u0131r. IPv6 ile protokol ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 ve paketlerin iletimlerinde iyile\u015ftirmeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. IPv6 ile y\u00f6nlendiricilerde (Router<\/strong>) veri par\u00e7alama (Fragmentation<\/strong>) ve yeniden montaj (Reassembly<\/strong>) i\u015flemlerinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. IPv6 protokol\u00fc ile y\u00f6nlendirici (Router<\/strong>) performanslar\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f sa\u011flan\u0131yor. IP ba\u015fl\u0131k optimizasyonlar\u0131, opsiyonel alanlara ait uzant\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r ve IPv6 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan eklenmi\u015f olan uzant\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131na (Extension Headers) ta\u015f\u0131nma y\u00f6ntemini kapsar. Bu y\u00f6ntem ile ilgili ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ara Router\u2019lerde \u00e7ok daha verimli i\u015fleme \u015fans\u0131 tan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

IPv6 \u00d6zellikleri Nelerdir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

IPv6 ile geli\u015ftirilen IP uzay\u0131, IPv4\u2019le \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmi\u015f olan, geni\u015f cihaz k\u00fcmelerine IP atayarak havuzdan tasarruf sa\u011flayan NAT tekni\u011fi ile ilgili gereksinimleri de ortadan kald\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. IPv6 protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6zelliklerinden biri de Stateless ya da Stateful adreslerin yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131d\u0131r. Stateless (Durum Tan\u0131ms\u0131z)<\/strong> adres yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131, y\u00f6nlendiricilerden (Router) da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan yada lokal olarak tan\u0131mlanan verilerin kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile kendi adreslerini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Stateful (Durum Tan\u0131ml\u0131)<\/strong> y\u00f6ntemlerde ise Host makinelerinin a\u011f konfig\u00fcrasyon parametreleri bir sunucudan al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. IPv6 protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcvenlikle ilgili alt yap\u0131lar\u0131 IPSec standartlar\u0131 ile g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015ftir. IPv6 protokol\u00fcnde IPSec uyumlulu\u011fu zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131r. IPv6 ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n uzant\u0131lar\u0131 ayr\u0131ca \u015fifreleme, kimliklerin do\u011frulanmas\u0131, VPN uygulama destekleri ile g\u00fcncellenmi\u015ftir. IPv6, IPv4 protokol\u00fcnden farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, IPSec\u2019lerin kaynak noktadan al\u0131c\u0131ya iletilmesine kadar olan paket kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n takip edilmesinin genel rota s\u00fcresince uygulanabilirli\u011fi sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. IPv6 standartlar\u0131n\u0131 destekleyen protokoller aras\u0131nda ICMPv6 ve DHCPv6 yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IPv6 Tan\u0131mlanan Ekstra \u00d6zellikler<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

IPv4 protokol\u00fcnde yer alan a\u011f konfig\u00fcrasyonlar\u0131ndan biri olan Subnetting i\u015flemleri, IPv6 protokol\u00fcnde kullan\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r. IPv6 protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn 128 bitlik adresleme modelinin 48 bitlik k\u0131sm\u0131 Network Prefix, ard\u0131ndan gelen 16 bitlik alan\u0131 Subnet ID, 64 bitlik alan\u0131 ise Interface Identifier olarak atanmaktad\u0131r. IPv6 protokol\u00fcnde alt a\u011flar i\u00e7in tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olan 16 bitlik alan ile 65536 Subnet olu\u015fturmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. IPv6 protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn ekstra \u00f6zelliklerinden biri de T<\/strong>he N<\/strong>eighbor D<\/strong>iscovery protokol\u00fc olarak belirtilmektedir. Dilimizde \u201cKom\u015fu Saptama<\/strong>\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanan bu protokol, ikinci katmanda uygulanan IP \/ MAC adresleme e\u015fleme i\u015flemlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye yarayan ARP<\/strong> (A<\/strong>ddress R<\/strong>esolution P<\/strong>rotocol) protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn yerini almaktad\u0131r. IPv4 protokol\u00fcnde yer alan ARP, ICMPv4 mesajlar\u0131 yerine Multicast, Unicast ND mesajlar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 ile eri\u015filmek istenilen cihaz\u0131n MAC adresinin elde edilmesi sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IPv6 ND (N<\/strong>eighbor D<\/strong>iscovery) Mesajlar\u0131 Nelerdir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Router Advertisement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

A\u011flarda yer alan cihazlar\u0131n oto-konfig\u00fcrasyonlar\u0131, Subnet yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131 ve Default Gateway bilgilerinin al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00f6nlendiricilerin (Router) d\u00fczenli olarak yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 multicast mesaj t\u00fcrleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Router Solicitation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

A\u011flardaki cihazlar\u0131n d\u00fczenli Router Advertisement mesajlar\u0131n\u0131n beklenmesi yerine, ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan hallerde y\u00f6nlendiricinin (Router) ke\u015fif taleplerine yan\u0131t sa\u011flayan multicast mesaj t\u00fcrlerinden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neighbor Solicitation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

A\u011f yap\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan istemciler, haberle\u015fmek istedikleri cihazlar\u0131n MAC adreslerini belirleme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde Neighbor Solicitation mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlamaktad\u0131r. Neighbor Solicitation y\u00f6nteminde, MAC\u2019lerin adreslerinin belirlenmesi sa\u011flan\u0131rken, mesajlar multicast olarak yay\u0131nlanmaktad\u0131r. IPv6 protokol\u00fcnde yer alan bir kom\u015fuya ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131p ula\u015f\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi i\u00e7in Unicast yay\u0131nlar\u0131 yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neighbor Advertisement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fleyen s\u00fcre\u00e7 \u00f6nce Neighbor Solicitation taleplerine yan\u0131t g\u00f6nderilmesi, ard\u0131ndan di\u011fer a\u011f bile\u015fenlerinin konfig\u00fcrasyonla ilgili de\u011fi\u015fiklikler hakk\u0131nda bilgilendirmesini i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

IPv6 ve IPv4 Aras\u0131ndaki Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar Nelerdir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

IPv6 protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, kullan\u0131labilir \u00e7ok daha fazla IP adresi sa\u011flarken, bir\u00e7ok i\u015flevselli\u011fi de beraberinde getirmektedir. IPv6 protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn bant geni\u015flikleri, yo\u011fun paket ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda, e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak birden fazla hedefe iletilmesine imkan veren \u00e7oklu yay\u0131n adreslemeleri desteklemektedir. Bu \u00f6zellik ayr\u0131ca, a\u011flardaki bant geni\u015fliklerini de azalt\u0131r. Ancak bu durum \u00fczerinde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir konu olan \u201cIPv6\u2019yi bu \u00f6zellikleri ile IPv4\u2019den daha m\u0131 iyi yap\u0131yor?\u201d<\/strong> sorusunu g\u00fcndeme getirir. IPv6, bir cihaz\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda, tan\u0131ml\u0131 bir IPv6 adresini olu\u015fturmas\u0131na imkan tan\u0131r. Otomatik yap\u0131land\u0131rma olarak tan\u0131mlanan bu \u00f6zellik, IPv6\u2019y\u0131 IPv4\u2019den ay\u0131ran en temel avantajlardan biridir. Cihazlar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 anda, bir IPv6 y\u00f6nlendiricisi aramaya ba\u015flar. Cihazlar yerel adresler ya da global olarak y\u00f6nlendirme sa\u011flayan adresleri olu\u015fturarak, \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir internet eri\u015fimi sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. IPv4 protokol\u00fcnde ise cihaz eklemeleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla manuel olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir. IPv6 protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, cihazlar\u0131n e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak birden fazla a\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 kalabilmesini sa\u011flamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun nedeni olarak, sistemin ayn\u0131 cihaz i\u00e7in otomatik IP adres atamalar\u0131n\u0131 destekleyen, birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve yap\u0131land\u0131rma yeteneklerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IPv6 ve IPv4 Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

IPv4 ile IPv6 protokolleri s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, en \u00e7ok \u00f6nemsenen protokoller aras\u0131ndaki h\u0131z kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. Teorik ba\u011flamda d\u00f6ng\u00fc yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n NAT \u00e7evirileri i\u00e7in bo\u015fa harcanmamas\u0131, IPv6 protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn daha h\u0131zl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Di\u011fer yandan, IPv6 protokolleri \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f paketlere sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, bu \u00f6zellik baz\u0131 durumlarda protokol\u00fcn yava\u015flamas\u0131na neden olur. IPv4 ile IPv6 protokollerinin temel farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, IPv4 a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n olgunla\u015fma d\u00fczeyleri ve IPv6 protokollerine oranla daha y\u00fcksek seviyede optimize edilmeleri olarak belirtilmektedir. S\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde ve gerekli optimizasyonlar\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131 ile IPv6 protokollerinin de \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 hale gelmesi beklenir. IPv4 ile IPv6 protokol farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bir di\u011fer konu da g\u00fcvenlik kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. IPv6 protokolleri, \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik sistemleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. IP g\u00fcvenlikleri (IPSec), genel g\u00fcvenlikler, kimlik do\u011frulamalar\u0131, veri b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckleri i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulan IETF g\u00fcvenlik protokol\u00fcnden destek almaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6zellikleri IPv6 protokol\u00fcne geli\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecinde entegre edilir. Ancak IPSec\u2019lerin IPv4 protokollerine tam anlam\u0131yla entegre edilmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Entegrasyon i\u015fleminin uygulamas\u0131 ISS\u2019lere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak i\u015flemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

IPv6 Faydalar\u0131 Nelerdir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

IPv6 protokol\u00fc, sadele\u015ftirilen ba\u015fl\u0131k yap\u0131lar\u0131 ve verimli \u015fekilde y\u00f6nlendirme \u00f6zelliklerini i\u00e7erisinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. IPv6 protokol\u00fcnde paket ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ve paket ilerleme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin olduk\u00e7a basitle\u015ftirildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. IPv4 paket ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131na oranla IPv6 ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 daha geni\u015f boyutta olsa da, y\u00f6nlendiriciler (Router) paket i\u015fleyi\u015finde hiyerar\u015fik bir yap\u0131yla, \u00e7ok daha verimli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmektedir. IPv6 protokol\u00fc, veri trafiklerini \u00e7ok daha iyi tan\u0131mlayabilmekte ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00f6nceliklendirme yapabilmektedir. IPv4 protokol\u00fcnde QoS eklentisi nedeniyle ya\u015fanan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ve ses iletimlerindeki s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar, IPv6 protokol\u00fcnde ortadan kalkmaktad\u0131r. IPv6 protokol\u00fc ile g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ve ses paketlerini \u00f6nceliklendirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • IPv6 protokol\u00fcnde otomatik adres yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/li>
  • A\u011flar \u00fczerinde, adreslerin atama sunucular\u0131 bulunmaks\u0131z\u0131n, a\u011flara ba\u011fl\u0131 arabirimler adres edinebilirler.<\/li>
  • Mevcut a\u011f \u00fczerinde, Multicasting \u00f6zelli\u011fi ile IPv6 protokol\u00fcnde farkl\u0131 hedeflere ayn\u0131 anda iletim sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/li>
  • Multicasting \u00f6zelli\u011fi ayr\u0131ca, a\u011f \u00fczerinde olu\u015fan bant geni\u015fliklerini azaltabilir.<\/li>
  • Multicasting \u00f6zelli\u011fi IPv4 protokol\u00fcnde opsiyonel \u00f6zellikler aras\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, IPv6 protokol\u00fcnde Default (Varsay\u0131lan) \u00f6zellikler olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>
  • IPSec destekleri de IPv6 protokol\u00fcnde b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik \u015fekilde yer al\u0131r.<\/li>
  • IPSec \u00f6zelli\u011fi ile IPV6 protokol\u00fcnde veri ileti\u015fimleri u\u00e7tan uca \u015fifrelenerek, daha g\u00fcvenli hale gelir.<\/li>
  • IPv6 protokol\u00fcnde yer alan IPSec uygulamas\u0131, ICMPv6 paketlerine de uygulanabilmektedir ve paketlerin en g\u00fcvenli bi\u00e7imde aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/li>
  • Ayr\u0131ca IPSec uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n IPv6 protokol\u00fcnde Firewall\u2019lar taraf\u0131ndan da engellenmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/li>
  • IPv6 protokol\u00fcnde dola\u015f\u0131labilirlik \u00f6zelli\u011fi de bulunur. Bu \u00f6zellik, istemcilerin birbirinden farkl\u0131 a\u011flar i\u00e7erisinde ev adresi ile ba\u011flant\u0131 kurulabilmesini sa\u011flar.<\/li>
  • IPv4 protokol\u00fcnde dola\u015f\u0131labilirlik deste\u011fi her zaman sorun yarat\u0131r, ancak IPv6 protokol\u00fcnde bu \u00f6zellik sorunsuz \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmektedir.<\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Ki\u015fisel telefon hatlar\u0131na ba\u011flanmak i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulan telefon numaralar\u0131 gibi her internet ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in de bir IP (Internet Protocol) adresine ihtiya\u00e7 duyulur. Her bir IP adresi…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":6155,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45,46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6150","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-internet","category-teknoloji"],"yoast_head":"\nIPv6 Nedir? - Niobe Hosting<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.niobehosting.com\/blog\/ipv6\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"IPv6 Nedir? - Niobe Hosting\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ki\u015fisel telefon hatlar\u0131na ba\u011flanmak i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulan telefon numaralar\u0131 gibi her internet ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in de bir IP (Internet Protocol) adresine ihtiya\u00e7 duyulur. 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