{"id":4791,"date":"2020-12-30T01:58:27","date_gmt":"2020-12-29T22:58:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.niobehosting.com\/blog\/?p=4791"},"modified":"2021-08-09T01:47:57","modified_gmt":"2021-08-08T22:47:57","slug":"http","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.niobehosting.com\/blog\/http\/","title":{"rendered":"HTTP Nedir? Ne \u0130\u015fe Yarar?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

World Wide Web’in temelindeki protokol olan Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Hiper Metin Transferi Protokol\u00fc<\/strong> (HTTP)<\/strong>, sunucular\u0131n ve taray\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n birbirleriyle ileti\u015fim kurma \u015feklidir.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tim Berners-Lee ve ekibi taraf\u0131ndan 1989-1991 aras\u0131nda geli\u015ftirilen HTTP, istemci-sunucu bilgi i\u015flem modelinde bir istek-yan\u0131t protokol\u00fc olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcr. HTTP standartlar\u0131, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)<\/strong> ve World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) <\/strong>taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir ve bir RFC (Requests for Comments) yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HTTP’nin s\u00fcr\u00fcmleri<\/strong>:  HTTP <\/a>\/ 0.9, HTTP \/ 1.0, HTTP \/ 1.1<\/strong> HTTP \/ 2.0<\/strong> ve HTTP \/ 3.0<\/strong>\u2019d\u0131r. <\/strong>En yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan s\u00fcr\u00fcm HTTP \/ 1.1’dir. Gelecekte HTTP \/ 2.0 daha yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

HTTP, bilgisayarlar i\u00e7in harika bir dildir, ancak \u015fifreli de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle bir bilgisayar korsan\u0131 i\u00e7eri girmeyi ba\u015far\u0131rsa, taray\u0131c\u0131da olan her \u015feyi okuyabilir (Facebook kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131 ve az \u00f6nce yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z \u015fifre dahil).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temel olarak HTTP, World Wide Web’de veri (HTML <\/a><\/strong>dosyalar\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc dosyalar\u0131, sorgu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, vb.) sunmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan TCP \/ IP <\/a>tabanl\u0131 bir ileti\u015fim protokol\u00fcd\u00fcr. Varsay\u0131lan ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131 TCP 80 portudur,<\/strong> ancak di\u011fer ba\u011flant\u0131 noktalar\u0131n\u0131 da kullan\u0131labilir. Bilgisayarlar\u0131n birbirleriyle ileti\u015fim kurmas\u0131 i\u00e7in standart bir yol sa\u011flar. HTTP belirtimi, istemcilerin istek verilerinin nas\u0131l olu\u015fturulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sunucuya nas\u0131l g\u00f6nderilece\u011fini ve sunucular\u0131n bu isteklere nas\u0131l yan\u0131t verece\u011fini belirtir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HTTP Oturumu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

HTTP, “durumsuz<\/strong>” bir protokold\u00fcr. Bu, birbiriyle ili\u015fkili istekleri takip etmek i\u00e7in “yerle\u015fik” bir standart olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Her istek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak de\u011ferlendirilir. \u015eu anda, web uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu 1996’da piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclen HTTP 1.1<\/strong>‘i kullan\u0131r. Bu web uygulamalar\u0131 \u00e7ok geli\u015fmi\u015ftir ve genellikle tamamlanmas\u0131 birden fazla istek \/ yan\u0131t gerektiren karma\u015f\u0131k i\u015flemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. Bu uygulamalar ayr\u0131ca her kullan\u0131c\u0131ya \u00f6zel i\u00e7erik sunar. Bu, bir kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n birden \u00e7ok istekte tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

HTTP, istemci-sunucu mimarisini  ve iletim protokol\u00fc olarak TCP kullan\u0131r. Birden \u00e7ok istek tek bir TCP ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinden g\u00f6nderilebilir, ancak bunlar ayn\u0131 zamanda hem istemci hem de sunucu taraf\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HTTP Kimlik Do\u011frulama<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

HTTP kimlik do\u011frulama<\/strong>, bir sunucunun bir istemciden kimlik do\u011frulama bilgilerini (bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 kimli\u011fi ve parola) talep edebildi\u011fi basit bir s\u0131nama ve yan\u0131t mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

HTTP, sayfalara ve di\u011fer kaynaklara eri\u015fimi kontrol etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli kimlik do\u011frulama mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 destekler. Bu mekanizmalar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc, 401 durum kodu ve WWW-Authenticate yan\u0131t ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan HTTP kimlik do\u011frulama<\/strong> mekanizmalar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Temel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stemci, kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 ve parolay\u0131 \u015fifrelenmemi\u015f base64 kodlu metin olarak g\u00f6nderir. Parola kolayca yakalan\u0131p HTTP \u00fczerinden yeniden kullan\u0131labilece\u011fi i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca HTTPS <\/a><\/strong>ile kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Digest<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stemci, sunucuya \u015fifrenin karma bir formunu g\u00f6nderir. \u015eifre HTTP \u00fczerinden yakalanamasa da, karma \u015fifre kullan\u0131larak istekleri yeniden oynatmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. NTLM<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

HTTP \u00fczerinden \u015fifre yakalama veya yeniden oynatma sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen g\u00fcvenli bir s\u0131nama \/ yan\u0131t mekanizmas\u0131 kullan\u0131r. Ancak kimlik do\u011frulama, ba\u011flant\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na yap\u0131l\u0131r ve yaln\u0131zca HTTP \/ 1.1 kal\u0131c\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131larla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu nedenle, t\u00fcm HTTP proxy’lerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayabilir ve ba\u011flant\u0131lar web sunucusu taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenli olarak kapat\u0131l\u0131rsa \u00e7ok say\u0131da a\u011f gidi\u015f-d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HTTP Mesaj Bi\u00e7imi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

HTTP mesaj\u0131<\/strong>, istemci ve sunucu aras\u0131nda verilerin nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015f edildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130stemci-sunucu mimarisine dayanmaktad\u0131r. HTTP istemcisi, bir veya daha fazla HTTP istek mesaj\u0131 g\u00f6ndermek i\u00e7in bir sunucuya ba\u011flant\u0131 kuran bir programd\u0131r. HTTP sunucusu, HTTP yan\u0131t mesajlar\u0131 g\u00f6ndererek HTTP isteklerine hizmet etmek i\u00e7in ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 kabul eden bir programd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HTTP mesaj\u0131, bir ilk istek sat\u0131r\u0131 ve bir ilk yan\u0131t sat\u0131r\u0131ndan olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HTTP Mesajlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u0130lk \u0130stek Sat\u0131r\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk sat\u0131r, istek ve yan\u0131t i\u00e7in farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Bir istek sat\u0131r\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur: Y\u00f6ntem ad\u0131, istenen kayna\u011f\u0131n yerel yolu ve kullan\u0131lan HTTP s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc. T\u00fcm bu par\u00e7alar bo\u015fluklarla ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6zdizimi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GET \/path\/to\/file\/index.html HTTP \/ 1.0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • GET, en yayg\u0131n HTTP y\u00f6ntemidir.<\/li>
  • Path, ana bilgisayar ad\u0131ndan sonra URL’nin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda istek URL’si olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>
  • HTTP s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc her zaman b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle “HTTP \/ x.x” bi\u00e7imini al\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    2. \u0130lk Yan\u0131t Sat\u0131r\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130lk yan\u0131t sat\u0131r\u0131, durum sat\u0131r\u0131 olarak da bilinir. \u00dc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur: HTTP s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc, iste\u011fin sonucunu veren bir yan\u0131t durum kodu ve durum kodunu a\u00e7\u0131klayan \u0130ngilizce neden ifadesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00d6rnek:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    HTTP\/1.0 200 OK  ya da  HTTP\/1.0 404 Not Found  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Burada, yan\u0131t sat\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ve istek sat\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n HTTP s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc “HTTP \/ x.x” ile ayn\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mesaj Ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Mesaj ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, istek ve yan\u0131t hakk\u0131nda bilgi sa\u011flar. Ayr\u0131ca mesaj g\u00f6vdesinde g\u00f6nderilen nesne hakk\u0131nda da bilgi verir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mesaj ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6rde ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Genel Ba\u015fl\u0131k:<\/strong> Hem istek mesajlar\u0131 hem de yan\u0131t mesajlar\u0131 i\u00e7in genel uygulanabilirli\u011fe sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130stek Ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Yaln\u0131zca istek mesajlar\u0131 i\u00e7in uygulanabilirli\u011fi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yan\u0131t Ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Yaln\u0131zca yan\u0131t mesajlar\u0131 i\u00e7in uygulanabilirli\u011fi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Varl\u0131k Ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131: <\/strong>Varl\u0131k g\u00f6vdesi ve istekle tan\u0131mlanan kaynak hakk\u0131ndaki meta bilgileri tan\u0131mlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yukar\u0131daki t\u00fcm ba\u015fl\u0131klar ayn\u0131 genel bi\u00e7imi izler. Ba\u015fl\u0131k alanlar\u0131n\u0131n her biri, bir ad\u0131n ard\u0131ndan iki nokta \u00fcst \u00fcste i\u015faretinden ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki alan de\u011ferlerinden olu\u015fur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    message-header = field-name “:” [ field-value ]  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mesaj G\u00f6vdesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Bir HTTP mesaj\u0131n\u0131n mesaj g\u00f6vdesi, istek ve yan\u0131tla ili\u015fkili t\u00fcm g\u00f6vdeyi ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Mesaj g\u00f6vdesi, Transfer-Encoding ba\u015fl\u0131k alan\u0131 ile belirtildi\u011fi gibi, sadece bir transfer-kodlama uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda t\u00fcm g\u00f6vdeden farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    S\u00f6zdizimi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    message-body = entity-body  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            | <entity-body encoded as per Transfer-Encoding>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Transfer-Encoding, mesaj\u0131n g\u00fcvenli ve d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir uygulama taraf\u0131ndan uygulanan herhangi bir transfer kodlamas\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Genel Ba\u015fl\u0131k Alanlar\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Baz\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131k alanlar\u0131 hem istek hem de yan\u0131t mesajlar\u0131 i\u00e7in uygulanabilirli\u011fe sahiptir. Bu ba\u015fl\u0131k alanlar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca mesaj iletildi\u011finde ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    S\u00f6zdizimi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    general-header = Cache-Control   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    HTTP Durum Kodlar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    HTTP durum kodlar\u0131<\/strong>, bir istemcinin iste\u011fine yan\u0131t olarak bir sunucu taraf\u0131ndan verilir. Belirli bir HTTP iste\u011finin ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamlan\u0131p tamamlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir ve sorunun nedenini belirlemeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Yan\u0131tlar be\u015f s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Bilgilendirme yan\u0131tlar\u0131 (100-199)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130ste\u011fin al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirten bir yan\u0131tt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. Ba\u015far\u0131 Yan\u0131tlar\u0131 (200-299)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130ste\u011fin al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kabul edildi\u011fini belirten bir yan\u0131tt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3. Y\u00f6nlendirmeler (300-399)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130stemcinin iste\u011fi tamamlamak i\u00e7in ek i\u015flem yapmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirten bir yan\u0131tt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    4. \u0130stemci Hatalar\u0131 (400-499)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Hata istemciden kaynaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. “404: Not Found” yayg\u0131n bir durum kodudur. Bu, sunucunun istenen kayna\u011f\u0131 bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Bir taray\u0131c\u0131da, URL’nin tan\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5. Sunucu Hatalar\u0131 (500-599)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Sunucu iste\u011finin yerine getiremedi\u011fi durumlarda olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130lk hane yan\u0131t\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Son iki hane, s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir \u015fey ifade etmez. Durum kodu, bir sunucu ve bir istemci aras\u0131nda verilerin nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u011fini g\u00f6steren bir HTTP mesaj\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunabilir. HTTP mesajlar\u0131, ASCII’de kodlanm\u0131\u015f metin bilgilerinden olu\u015fur ve birden \u00e7ok sat\u0131ra yay\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u015eifrelenmi\u015f Ba\u011flant\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    \u015eifreli bir HTTP ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 kurman\u0131n en pop\u00fcler yolu HTTPS<\/strong>‘dir. HTTPS (G\u00fcvenli K\u00f6pr\u00fc Metni Aktar\u0131m Protokol\u00fc) iki protokol\u00fcn, HTTP (K\u00f6pr\u00fc Metni Aktar\u0131m Protokol\u00fc) ve SSL \/ TLS’nin birle\u015fimidir. HTTP, 80 numaral\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rken, HTTPS, 443 numaral\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r. 443 numaral\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131, \u015fifreli bir ba\u011flant\u0131 \u00fczerinden g\u00fcvenli veri aktar\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir \u015fifreleme algoritmas\u0131na sahiptir. HTTPS’nin sonundaki “S”, “G\u00fcvenli” anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    HTTP’nin Dezavantajlar\u0131 Nelerdir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    1. Veri B\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    HTTP’de kullan\u0131lan herhangi bir \u015fifreleme y\u00f6ntemi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, birinin i\u00e7eri\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirme \u015fans\u0131 vard\u0131r. HTTP’nin g\u00fcvenli olmayan bir y\u00f6ntem olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin nedeni budur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. Veri Gizlili\u011fi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Gizlilik, HTTP ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan ba\u015fka bir sorundur. Herhangi bir bilgisayar korsan\u0131 iste\u011fi durdurmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131rsa, web sayfas\u0131nda bulunan t\u00fcm i\u00e7eri\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleyebilir. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131 ve \u015fifre gibi gizli bilgileri de toplayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3. Sunucu Kullan\u0131labilirli\u011fi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    HTTP, ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu t\u00fcm verileri alsa bile, istemciler ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 kapatmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nlem almaz. Bu nedenle, bu s\u00fcre boyunca sunucu mevcut olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    4. \u0130dari Ek Y\u00fck<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Bir web sayfas\u0131n\u0131 iletmek i\u00e7in, HTTP’nin birden \u00e7ok ba\u011flant\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu, ba\u011flant\u0131da idari ek y\u00fcke neden olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5. IoT Cihaz Deste\u011fi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    HTTP, daha fazla g\u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcketimine yol a\u00e7an daha fazla say\u0131da sistem kayna\u011f\u0131 kullan\u0131r. IoT cihazlar kablosuz sens\u00f6r a\u011flar\u0131 i\u00e7erdi\u011fi i\u00e7in HTTP kullanmalar\u0131 uygun de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yukar\u0131da sizin i\u00e7in  HTTP <\/strong>ile ilgili bir\u00e7ok sorunun cevab\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. HTTP <\/strong>ile ilgili merak ettikleriniz varsa, yorum b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde bize yaz\u0131n, i\u00e7eri\u011fimizi geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in deneyimlerinizi ve \u00f6nerilerinizi payla\u015fmay\u0131 unutmay\u0131n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    World Wide Web’in temelindeki protokol olan Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Hiper Metin Transferi Protokol\u00fc (HTTP), sunucular\u0131n ve taray\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n birbirleriyle ileti\u015fim kurma \u015feklidir.\u00a0 Tim Berners-Lee ve…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":4792,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4791","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nedir-nasil-yapilir"],"yoast_head":"\nHTTP Nedir? 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